On Division Versus Saturation in Pseudo-Boolean Solving

On Division Versus Saturation in Pseudo-Boolean Solving

Stephan Gocht, Jakob Nordström, Amir Yehudayoff

Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Main track. Pages 1711-1718. https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/237

The conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) paradigm has revolutionized SAT solving over the last two decades. Extending this approach to pseudo-Boolean (PB) solvers doing 0-1 linear programming holds the promise of further exponential improvements in theory, but intriguingly such gains have not materialized in practice. Also intriguingly, most PB extensions of CDCL use not the division rule in cutting planes as defined in [Cook et al., '87] but instead the so-called saturation rule. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no study comparing the strengths of division and saturation in the context of conflict-driven PB learning, when all linear combinations of inequalities are required to cancel variables. We show that PB solvers with division instead of saturation can be exponentially stronger. In the other direction, we prove that simulating a single saturation step can require an exponential number of divisions. We also perform some experiments to see whether these phenomena can be observed in actual solvers. Our conclusion is that a careful combination of division and saturation seems to be crucial to harness more of the power of cutting planes.
Keywords:
Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: Computational Complexity of Reasoning
Heuristic Search and Game Playing: Combinatorial Search and Optimisation
Constraints and SAT: Constraints: Evaluation and Analysis
Constraints and SAT: SAT: Evaluation and Analysis