The Dangers of Post-hoc Interpretability: Unjustified Counterfactual Explanations

The Dangers of Post-hoc Interpretability: Unjustified Counterfactual Explanations

Thibault Laugel, Marie-Jeanne Lesot, Christophe Marsala, Xavier Renard, Marcin Detyniecki

Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Main track. Pages 2801-2807. https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/388

Post-hoc interpretability approaches have been proven to be powerful tools to generate explanations for the predictions made by a trained black-box model. However, they create the risk of having explanations that are a result of some artifacts learned by the model instead of actual knowledge from the data. This paper focuses on the case of counterfactual explanations and asks whether the generated instances can be justified, i.e. continuously connected to some ground-truth data. We evaluate the risk of generating unjustified counterfactual examples by investigating the local neighborhoods of instances whose predictions are to be explained and show that this risk is quite high for several datasets. Furthermore, we show that most state of the art approaches do not differentiate justified from unjustified counterfactual examples, leading to less useful explanations.
Keywords:
Machine Learning: Explainable Machine Learning
Machine Learning: Interpretability
Machine Learning: Classification