GRAML: Goal Recognition As Metric Learning

GRAML: Goal Recognition As Metric Learning

Matan Shamir, Reuth Mirsky

Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Main Track. Pages 8626-8634. https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2025/959

Goal Recognition (GR) is the problem of recognizing an agent's objectives based on observed actions. Recent data-driven approaches for GR alleviate the need for costly, manually crafted domain models. However, these approaches can only reason about a pre-defined set of goals, and time-consuming training is needed for new emerging goals. To keep this model-learning automated while enabling quick adaptation to new goals, this paper introduces GRAML: Goal Recognition As Metric Learning. GRAML frames GR as a deep metric learning problem, using a Siamese network composed of recurrent units to learn an embedding space where traces leading to the same goal are close, and those leading to different goals are distant. This metric is particularly effective for adapting to new goals, even when only a single example trace is available per goal. Evaluated on a versatile set of environments, GRAML shows speed, flexibility, and runtime improvements over the state-of-the-art GR while maintaining accurate recognition.
Keywords:
Planning and Scheduling: PS: Activity and plan recognition
Agent-based and Multi-agent Systems: MAS: Agent theories and models
Machine Learning: ML: Multiagent Reinforcement Learning